Schizophrenia and the Brain Essay - 1864 Words

Over the last few decades Schizophrenia has become embedded in mainstream vernacular as any behavior or emotional response that is out of touch with reality. However even with its popularity heightened through movies and headline news stories, schizophrenia is still one of the most enigmatic and least understood disorders of the brain. With current research focused on the role of neurobiology and functioning on a cellular level, investigative analysis has merited new innovations towards its source, however a single organic cause for the disorder still eludes scientists. Although the foundation of the affliction is still unknown, its effects are well documented and over the next few pages will show the changes in the brain as the disease†¦show more content†¦According to James G. Hollandworth of the University of Southern Mississippi, schizophrenia is primarily characterized by a disintegration of reality perception, consciousness, and thought process which results in a debil itated proficiency in social and professional faculties (Hollandworth, 1990). While schizophrenia can most arguably be classified as a predominantly genetic affliction, there are others factors which can contribute to its development even without a genetic predisposition. These elements include birth defects such as hypoxia and low birth rate, neuroanatomical anomalies, viral infections, along with low IQ and cerebral atrophy (Hollandsworth, 1990). While these components in themselves are not sufficient enough to cause the disorder, they result in an increased risk for developing the disease. One theory for the cause of schizophrenia that has been studied with great validity is the dopamine hypothesis. This theory postulates that schizophrenia is caused by an overabundance of the dopamine-dependent areas of the brain causing an imbalance that affects the entire system (Hollandsworth, 1990). For this reason many of today’s schizophrenia treatment drugs inhibit dopamine recepto r activity in an attempt to return it to its natural equilibrium. Although even with advances in modern science and new drugs being developed every day, the illness is still only treatable and its symptoms still emerge evenShow MoreRelatedSchizophrenia Is A Disorder Of The Brain950 Words   |  4 PagesSchizophrenia is a disorder of the brain that affects how a person feels, thinks, and how they observe the world around them. People with schizophrenia may seem like they have lost touch with reality (nimh.nih.gov, 2016). The media used was a movie called Canvas, which the mother has schizophrenia. She continues to worsen over time until she gets help. The movie expresses her hallucinations and delusions, and how they affect her and her family life. The development of schizophrenia can progressRead MoreSchizophrenia And Its Effects On The Brain866 Words   |  4 PagesSchizophrenia is a mental psychotic disorder that diminishes the ability to distinguish reality from fantasy. Schizophrenia ranges from Type I, which are positive symptoms caused by an excess of functions to Type II, which are negative symptoms caused by a loss of functions within the brain. Subtypes range from Paranoid to Disorganized schizophrenia. A wide variety of factors can provoke anyone of these variations of schizophrenia, such as genes, an imbalance of chemicals in the brain, the deathRead MoreSchizophrenia: Disease of the Brain845 Words   |  4 PagesSchizophrenia is a complex brain disorder. Like many other illnesses, schizophrenia is believed to result from a combination of environmental and genetic factors. All the tools of modern science are being used to search for the causes of this disorder. The term schizophrenia is Greek in origin, and in the Greek meant split mind. This is not an accurate medical term. In Western culture, some people have come to believe that schizophrenia refers to a split-personality disorder. These are two veryRead MoreIs Schizophrenia A Brain Disorder?1946 Words   |  8 PagesWhat is Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is a brain disorder that effects the way an individual experiences the world. The disorder is characterized by psychotic, positive symptoms, deficit, negative symptoms, and cognitive impairment (Hung Choy Wong Van Tol, 2003). Positive symptoms are expressed as delusions, hallucinations and/or disorganized thoughts. Delusions are beliefs that are false, for example, your neighbor Joe starts to believe that he is the president of the United States of America.Read More The Effects of Schizophrenia on the Brain Essay901 Words   |  4 PagesThe Effects of Schizophrenia on the Brain Schizophrenia is a severe mental illness that affects one to two percent of people worldwide. The disorder can develop as early as the age of five, though it is very rare at such an early age. (3)) Most men become ill between the ages of 16 and 25 whereas most women become ill between the ages of 25 and 30. Even though there are differences in the age of development between the sexes, men and women are equally at risk for schizophrenia. (4) There isRead MoreIs Schizophrenia A Challenging Brain Disorder?1555 Words   |  7 Pagessimple way of schizophrenia treatment does not exist. Schizophrenia is a challenging brain disorder that affects the way a person thinks, acts and sees the world. Research has connected schizophrenia to many possible causes, including aspects of brain structure, environmental, and genetic causes. Schizophrenia is a serious mental illness that affects 300,000 Canadians (3). Although it affects both men and women equally, it tends to be more severe in men than in women (1). Schizophrenia most oftenRead MoreSchizophrenia Is A Disabling Brain Disorder858 Words   |  4 PagesSchizophrenia is a disabling brain disorder that has affected many people throughout history. While having this disorder there is many things that goes through a person’s mind. Many people with Schizophrenia may hear voices that other people don’t hear. Also with this disease they believe other people are reading their minds, controlling their thoughts, or plotting to harm them. With those symptoms this can cause people to become ill and make them withdrawn or extremely agitated. Some other effectsRead MoreSchizophrenia - The Demon Inside The Brain Essay1839 Words   |  8 PagesSchizophrenia – The demon inside the brain I am a big man, in late 30’s, and I have 2 teenagers, a son, and a girl. They are the same age as I was when I saw my cousin Andrew being taken to a mental institution. The thing that happened to him was really sad, and our peers are still talking about it. Everything started when we were 13 years old. I saw Andrew in the school yard, and as usually I headed to him to ask him did he do his homework. But he seemed kind of sad, confused, tired. I asked himRead MorePrimary Neurological Brain Abnormalities And Individuals With Schizophrenia960 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction There are primary neurological brain abnormalities in individuals with schizophrenia. According to Fusar-Poli (2009), schizophrenia is delineated by prefrontal activity and elevated striatal dopaminergic functions. These elevations in striatal dopamine activity and prefrontal cortical dysfunctions (Fusar-Poli, 2009). Along with other abnormalities in white matter as well as, having been observed in the right superior frontal gyrus, left middle frontal gyrus, bilateral parahippocampalRead MoreSchizophrenia Stigmas, Causes and Brain Activity Differences Essay1967 Words   |  8 PagesSchizophrenia Stigmas, Causes and Brain Activity Differences Contrary to popular belief, Schizophrenia is not a mental health disorder but a psychotic based disorder, in which those affected often experience psychosis. Those experiencing psychosis are known to lose touch with reality; this loss often results in delusions and/or hallucinations. This leads one to ask: what are the social stigmas, plausible causes and brain activity differences related to schizophrenia? Background Schizophrenia is

Is The Theory Of Basis Data Scientific - 1163 Words

1. Is the theory’s basis data scientific? The trait/biological approach is a little scientific. The data used to establish the traits does not include a large and diverse sample. The theorists who did collect data collected it from individuals whose personalities supported their theories. Raymond Cattell collected three types of data: L-data (behavior in everyday situations), Q-data (self-reported questionnaires), and OT-data (objective tests). With the data, Cattell ran a factor analysis and if the data correlated, they would be clustered together to create a factor. The majority of the data he collected is subjective. The five-factor model was developed by opening up the dictionary and picking adjectives. The participants were asked to†¦show more content†¦The biological approach tried to supply the explanation. One explanation is temperament. Hippocrates and Galen proposed there were four humors and temperaments responded to them making up four personalities. Franz Joseph Gall theorized that temperaments existed physically in our heads and he claimed he could identify people’s temperaments by the bumps on their brains. Ernst Kretchmer and William Sheldon believed temperaments were based on three body types: pyknic (heavier, rounder); athletic (fit); and asthenic (thinner). Emil Kraepelin, who was born the same year as Freud approached pathology as links in families. If we had given more recognition to Kraepelin rather than Freud, we would be further in the field. Thomas and Chess identified three different temperaments from parents reporting about their children: easy/well-adjusted, difficult/undercontrolled, and slow-to-warm/inhibited. Strong relationships with how people were identified as children and how they were measured as adults were found. Kegan through more objective observations identified there were only two temperament styles: inhibited (more reactive) and uninhibited (welcome to new people/things). The second explanation is genetics. Research done on twin studies found that identical twins that were raised apart were more statistically similar to each other. A meta-analysis was done that concluded that forty percent of variance in personality can be attributed to genetics. The third explanation ofShow MoreRelatedTheories And Theories Of The Calms Made By Alan Chalmers907 Words   |  4 Pagesdiscussing his inductive views of the scientific method stating that â€Å"Scientific knowledge is proven knowledge†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and that â€Å"†¦Scientific knowledge is reliable knowledge because it is objectively proven knowledge.† I will also be discussing Karl Popper’s opposing views on the scientific method, siding with his falsification method. I think that even though both sides are rational, Alan Chalmers clams are more practical and better for humans to continue to investigate new theories and laws of the universe. ThereforeRead MoreFundamentals of Research Me thodology1135 Words   |  5 Pagesin the Psychology field and discuss the importance of psychology. The answers to these questions are the basis for the theories that led to research. Research is the groundwork performed by Psychologists in order to answer questions about behavior and the mind. The outcome of the research will offer a clear picture of why an individual act the way he or she does. In the Psychology field, data is gathered to conduct the research and produce an outcome. This is a time-consuming process but withoutRead MoreOriginal Creation of Earth1117 Words   |  5 PagesOriginal Creation of the Earth (The Big Bang vs. Six-Day Creation) TANITKA C. SMITH PHSC210_A24_201240 Debora Ladner December 3, 2012 INTRODUCTION The Big-Bang Theory, accepted widely by atheists and many scientists, simply says this: between 10 and 20 billion years ago a â€Å"bang† or explosion occurred from a single point in nothingness and with the scattering of googles of atoms, the earth came into being. An eruption of sorts occurred, haphazardly distributing the smallestRead MoreResearch, Statistics, and Psychology Paper984 Words   |  4 Pagesexplain what research is and the scientific method. This paper will also explain how research is important to psychology. When a researcher does studies on psychology they receive data from the subjects, they are studying. In any type of research there are two major types of data, they are primary data and secondary data. Data is important to statistics because it is the information a researcher receives from the studies they perform. Statistics puts all the data into a form that many people canRead MoreThe Theory Of Science Of The Twentieth Century1105 Words   |  5 Pagesthat are based on evidence from conducted work (NSTA, n.d.). This process of developing a hypothesis, observing, collecting data and then sharing the results is called the scientific method (Bradford, 2015). Most importantly, however, is the fact that utilizing this scientific inquiry method is the foundation which supports the logical basis of scientific research. The scientific method consists of the following six basic steps: make an observation, ask questions about the observation and collectRead MorePsychology as a Science1163 Words   |  5 PagesPsychology is the scientific study of the behavior of individuals and their mental processes. (Fuchs amp; Milar, 2002). But what makes it a scientific study? First of all, why not? Nowadays the idea of psychology as a science seems so natural to us, but it was not always like this. The late-eighteenth-century declaration that a true scientific study of the mind was not possible posed a challenge that was answered in the nineteenth century when the possibility of a scientific study of mindRead MoreScientific Methods Are Important When Studying The Natural World895 Words   |  4 PagesScientific methods are important when studying the natural world. This is because it is essential to understand the methods in which discoveries were made in order to make new discoveries from the data already presented. Understanding scientific methods is essential when studying all types of science. The scientific method important because it helps establish a common denominator with all scientific research. It is not a fixed path, but it creates a general form for scientists to follow when makingRead MoreThe Doctrine Of Scientific Knowledge Essay1112 Words   |  5 PagesEinstein or Isaac Newton. I think that scientific knowledge is superior to any other type of knowledge such as religion, myth and occult. In this essay, I will talk about the almost infallible scientific research method that makes this type of knowledge hard to contradict. I will also talk about some relevant examples on situations where opinions diverge between scientific and other type of knowledge. At last, I will explore the possibility that scientific knowledge could not be superior to any typeRead MoreArgument Essay : Withholding The Missing Portion 1690 Words   |  7 Pageswritings is to influence the reader of the strength of his readings and the power of his theory through his clever use of rhetor ic. In particular, Fish refers to the role of the unconscious in Freud s theory, arguing that it can be freely used by Freud in such a way that it can appear to account for any data acquired in practice. This attitude reflects the commonly-held view amongst modern scientists that Freud s theories are unscientific. In this essay, I aim to argue that while Fish makes a valid pointRead MorePsychology : The Thought Process And Behavior Of Humans And Other Animals By Their Interactions With The Environment895 Words   |  4 Pagesobservations, a systematic scientific testing procedure begins in order to obtain a resolution or determine if further test needs to be done. Psychology is considered to be a science in that it has many disciplines organized around them. Also data collection through â€Å"observation and measurement, using scientific research methods, and the research gathered in a controlled approach by sifting through all the information to derive all the descriptive, and me asurable data needed for justification of

The Different Types of Charts Essay Example For Students

The Different Types of Charts Essay Larger data sets: use line charts. Selecting Bars or Columns ;k use analogy as a selection criterion, if applicable; when in doubt, use columns * use a horizontal bar chart if the labels are too long to fit under the columns * Multiple Column/Bar Chart: Use it to present data rows for several variables Side-by-Side Chart: Use it to (1) show contrasting trends between levels of an independent variable, (2) if comparisons between individual pairs of values are most important: do not use for more than two independent variables I Figure 2: Multiple column chart (left), side-by-side chart (right) Segmented Column/AR Chart Other Names: Divided or stacked column/bar chart Figure 3: Segmented column chart (relative values) * Present a part-whole relation over time (with accurate impression, see below) * Show proportional relationships over time Display wholes which are levels on a nominal scale Segmented column,bar charts are more accurate than pie chart, because distances can be more accurately estimated than areas. Frequency Polygon, Histograms Figure 4: Histogram as frequency distribution * Polygon: Connects data points through straight lines or higher order graphs * Histogram: Columns/bars touch; useful for larger sets of data points, typically used for frequency distributions * Staircase Chart: Displays only the silhouette of the histogram; useful for even larger sets of data points. Typically used for frequency distributions * Step chart: use it to illustrate trends among more than two members of nominal or ordinal scales; do not use it for two or more variables or levels Of a single variable (hard to read) * Pyramid histogram: TWO mirror histograms; use it for comparisons Line Chart Figure 5: Line chart Else it.. * To display long data rows To interpolate between data points * To extrapolate beyond known data values (forecast) To compare different graphs * To find and compare trends (changes over time) ;k To recognize correlations and cavitations between variables ;k If the X axis requires an interval scale ;k To display interactions over two levels on the X axis * When convention defines meaningful patterns (e. G. A zigzag line) Line graphs may consist of line or curved segments: * Lines: use straight lines to connect real data points * Curves: Use curves to represent functional relations between data points or to interpolate data Do to use it K If the X axis has non-numeric values -k Graph with double-logarithmic or half-logarithmic scale divisions With variance bars, stock charts (High/LOW/Chose) etc. Pie Chart Figure 6: Pie chart * Graph * convey approximate proportional relationships (relative amounts) at a point * compare part of a whole at a given point in time in time Exploded: emphasize a small proportion of pa rts Do not use it For exact comparisons of values, because estimating angles is difficult for people. * For rank data: use column/bar charts in this case; use multiple It proportions vary greatly; do not use column/bar charts tort grouped data multiple pies to compare corresponding parts, Caution! ;k Pie charts cannot represent values beyond 100%. * Each pie chart is valid for one point in time only, ;k Pie charts are only suited to presenting quite a few percentage values. Angles are harder to estimate for people than distances; perspective pie charts are even harder to interpret. Scattered Figure 7: One-dimensional scattered (left), two-dimensional scattered (right) 1. One-dimensional scattered: Data point are drawn above a baseline (as in alumna/bar charts). Here the data points are not connected but remain isolated data points. 2. Two-dimensional scatter plot: Shows correlation between two data sets. This chart type has two dependent variables: One is plotted along the X axis, the other along the Y axis; the independent variable is the intersection of both dependent variables, realized as a data point in the diagram. Use it to * Show measurements over time (one-confessional scattered).

The Montessori Method- A Rhetorical Analysis free essay sample

Maria Montessori graduated in 1894 from the University of Rome’s medical school, becoming Italy’s first female doctor. This was a feat that reinforced Montessori’s commitment to women’s rights. Living in the 20th century, Montessori noticed society’s use of science as an approach to improving education. She believed these strategies were scientifically irrelevant to the teaching of students. In her writing â€Å"The Montessori Method†, Maria Montessori effectively convinces her reader that to be an effective educator, a teacher must learn how to educate the child from the child himself. Montessori makes good use of analogies and rhetorical appeals to back up her argument. She emphasizes the freedom of the student and rejects the scientific approach to learning. Montessori uses ethos appeal at the beginning of her argument by referencing Jean Jacques Rousseau and his view of liberty (576). This is an effective use of ethos because while it gives Montessori credibility as a writer, it also sets up the reader for her sub-claim that â€Å"It is a conquest of liberty which the school needs, not the mechanism of a bench† (Montessori 579). We will write a custom essay sample on The Montessori Method- A Rhetorical Analysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page She incorporates Rousseau’s ideas of liberty with â€Å"social liberty† in the classroom. This supports her main argument of â€Å"studying the pupil before educating him† because you can’t sit a child down, immobile, in a desk and feed him or her dry, pointless facts and expect them Welch 2 to become educated. You must allow the child freedom in the classroom, analyze the way the child pursues his own learning, and incorporate his methods into your teaching of the child. This is much more effective because it creates interest in the child to learn rather than provoking them to. She also uses the word â€Å"slave† basically to describe the way the child is forced to learn. This comparison is especially effective when considering Montessori’s audience. No parent would want to put their child in an environment where they can be described as slaves and what kind of teacher wants to assume the role of the slave master? Generally, Montessori provides support for her claims in the form of  analogies. On page 578, she says, â€Å"The underfed workman does not ask for tonic, but for better economic conditions which shall prevent malnutrition†. Immediately after, she uses another analogy when she says â€Å"The miner who, through the stooping position maintained during many hours of the day, is subject to inguinal rupture, does not ask for an abdominal support, but demands shorter hours and better working conditions, in order that he may be able to lead a healthy life like other men†. Both these analogies refer to her claim that better education will result from the understanding of how children pursue their own learning. Montessori’s analogies are especially effective because they provide a better understanding for the reader of the argument that she is trying to get across. Her analogies provide a more understandable and relatable topic for her audience. Montessori makes a smooth transition into another claim when she says â€Å"We know only two spectacle of the teacher who, in the ordinary classroom, must poor certain cut and dry facts into the heads of the scholars. In order to succeed in this Welch 3 barren task, she finds it necessary to discipline her pupils into immobility and to force their attention. Prizes and punishments are ever-ready and efficient aids to the master who must force into a given attitude of mind and body those who are condemned to be his listeners â€Å" (580). This statement does a near perfect job of wrapping up her previous claim, while at the same time, introducing another one of her oppositions to the conduct of an ordinary classroom. Montessori thinks that prizes and punishments have a negative impact on a child’s learning. The giving of prizes and punishments are supposed to motivate students, but according to Montessori, prizes and punishments have a overall negative impact on learning because the students don’t want to learn out of curiosity, but rather forced effort. Therefore, there is no natural development of the child’s knowledge. She adds support to this claim with the use of a metaphor. The metaphor states that such prizes and punishments are â€Å"the bench of the soul, the instrument of slavery for the spirit† (Montessori 580). This metaphor compares the effectiveness of prizes and punishments to the effectiveness of the science of the modern classroom desk. Like all the scientific effort put into  perfecting the school desk, prizes and punishments have no positive effect on a child’s education. In the same paragraph Montessori uses another analogy to reiterate her strong belief in the freedom that students deserve in the classroom. â€Å"The jockey offers a piece of sugar to his horse jumping into the saddle, the coachman beats his horse that may he respond to the signs given by the reins; and yet, neither of these runs so superbly as the free horse of the plains†. What she means is, the students that are se t free in the classroom and are Welch 4 enabled to explore there own curiosity and interest, will learn better than the students that are provoked by prizes and punishments. Montessori goes on about the subject of prizes and punishments and basically says that with their presence in the classroom, students are being held back from their true educational potential. This supports her main argument because if teachers did not present their students with prizes and punishments, then they would be able to â€Å"lead them into their true heritage of progress† (Montessori 580). What this means is, that if the student isn’t provoked to learn, he or she will obtain knowledge naturally and more efficiently. Maria Montessori pushes for social liberty in the classroom and emphasizes the freedom students deserve. Montessori argues that to be an effective educator, a teacher must learn how to educate the child from the child himself. Her use of analogies and appeals paints a picture for her audience and presents the point she is trying to get across in a more understandable way.